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第9章 一边学习一边工作 第六节 写作中如何选材(第2页)

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。“枪”

就好比文章里的一个“材料”

,如果它和“主题”

无关,不能开火射击,那么,它就根本不必“挂”

在那里!

第二,要选择“典型”

的材料。代表性和巨大说服力的事实现象或理论依据。所谓“典型”

材料,即那些能够深刻反映事物本质,

一篇文章或一部作品,它决不可能“面面俱到”

、“包罗万象”

。它只能是通过“个别”

反映“一般”

,通过“个性”

反映“共性”

这是一切文字“表现”

的共同规律。这样,就势必有一个对“个性”

的精心“挑选”

问题。“题材”

不典型,“材料”

不全面就会影响“主题”

的表现,削弱文章的“力量”

。而“典型”

的论据,由于它具有广泛的“代表性”

,能“以一抵十”

,原料矿藏中的“精华”

,所以选择了它们,就能够很好地突出主题,反映本质,具有很强的说服力。

例如,夏衍所写的《野草》,一开篇就提出了“世界上什么东西的气力最大”

的问题。回答自然纷纭得很,有说“大象”

有说“狮子”

的,有说“金钢”

的,但是,作者否决了这一切答案,认为“世界上气力最大的是植物的种子,这个“论点”

真是拔地而起,力排众议,新颖之极。那么论据呢?作者不慌不忙、有根有据地说出了下面的“材料”

:人的头盖骨结合得非常致密,坚固,生理学家和解剖学家用尽了一切的方法,要把它完整地分开,都没有成功。后来忽然有人明了一个方法,就是把一些植物的种子放在要剖析的头盖骨里,给予适当的温度与湿度,使种子芽。一芽,这些种子便以可怕的力量,将一切机械力所不能分开的骨骼,完整地分开。植物种子力量之大,这就是一个“典型”

的材料。它的成立,是《野草》这篇整篇立论的“基石”

。其作用大矣!

又如,19o1年2月3日,入侵中国的“八国联军”

统帅德国人瓦德西,给德皇威廉二世上了一个“奏议”

,其中这样说道:中国武备之虚弱,财源之衰竭,政象之纷乱,实为一个千载难得之实行瓜分时机!落后就要挨打,这真是一个难得的典型的“反面”

材料。新华社记者敏锐地捕捉到了它,把它写入了《奔向二ooo》这篇文章里。这个“反面”

史料一摆,中国近代史上一个斩钉截铁的结论:“落后就要挨打”

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