后记(第2页)
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师傅无以易其辞。
――选自东观汉记?显宗孝明皇帝
[注释]
上:光武帝刘秀
循:抚摩
吴季子:吴国季札——
刘秀口中的“吴季子”
是何人?——
“吴子使札来聘(1)。”
吴无君,无大夫,此何以有君,有大夫?贤季子也(2)。何贤乎季子?让国也(3)。其让国奈何?谒也(4),馀祭也(5),夷昧也(6),与季子同母者四。季子弱而才,兄弟皆爱之,同欲立之以为君。谒曰:“今若是迮而与季子国(7),季子犹不受也。请无与子而与弟,弟兄迭为君,而致国乎季子。”
皆曰诺。故诸为君者皆轻死为勇,饮食必祝,曰:“天苟有吴国,尚速有悔于予身(8)。”
故谒也死(9),馀祭也立。馀祭也死(10),夷昧也立。夷昧也死(11),则国宜之季子者也,季子使而亡焉(12)。僚者长庶也(13),即之。季之使而反,至而君之尔。阖庐曰(14):“先君之所以不与子国,而与弟者,凡为季子故也。将从先君之命与,则国宜之季子者也;如不从先君之命与,则我宜立者也。僚恶得为君乎?”
于是使专诸刺僚(15),而致国乎季子(16)。季子不受,曰:“尔杀吾君,吾受尔国,是吾与尔为篡也。尔杀吾兄,吾又杀尔,是父子兄弟相杀,终身无已也。”
去之延陵(17),终身不入吴国。故君子以其不受为义,以其不杀为仁,贤季子。则吴何以有君,有大夫?以季子为臣,则宜有君者也。札者何?吴季子之名也。春秋贤者不名(18),此何以名?许夷狄者,不一而足也(19)。季子者,所贤也,曷为不足乎季子?许人臣者必使臣,许人子者必使子也。
选自十三经注疏本春秋公羊传——
[作者小传]
本篇节选自春秋公羊传。公羊传的始作者是战国时齐人公羊高,他受学于孔子弟子子夏,后来成为传春秋的三大家之一。公羊春秋作为家学,世代相传至玄孙公羊寿。汉景帝时,公羊寿与齐人胡母子都合作,方才将春秋公羊传定稿“著于竹帛”
所以公羊传的作者,班固汉书?艺文志笼统地称之为“公羊子”
颜师古说是公羊高,四库全书总目则署作汉公羊寿,说法不一。但比较起来把定稿人题为作者更合理一些。今本公羊传的体裁特点,是经传合并,传文逐句传述春秋经文的大义,与左传以记载史实为主不同。写作方法多以设问、自答展开传述。如本篇“吴子使札来聘”
即是春秋襄公二十九年经文中的一句,以下部分都是公羊传对这句话的“微言大义”
所作的传述和解释。
[题解]
鲁襄公二十九年(公元前544),吴国派公子札访问鲁国,左传对经过情形有详细记载。当时的吴王馀祭是公子札的二哥。吴国在公子札的父亲寿梦就位时(公元前585年)就已称王。但中原诸国还是视吴国为蛮夷之邦,春秋记事称之为“吴子”
“子”
的爵位在公、侯、伯之下,所以实际上是贬称。而公羊传出于“诸夏”
的民族偏见和地域偏见,甚至否认吴国“有君、有大夫”
对春秋记事用语理解为抬高了吴国的地位。本文就是公羊传解释春秋为什么用“吴子”
肯定吴国“有君”
用“聘”
肯定吴国“有大夫”
的。全文层层设问,步步深入,以事实说明公子札的贤、仁、深明大义,使吴国在诸夏心目中的地位得到了提高。
[译文]
(春秋记载:)“吴子派札来(鲁国)访问。”
吴国本无所谓国君,无所谓大夫,这则记载为什么承认它有国君,有大夫呢?为了表明季子的贤啊。季子贤在哪里呢?辞让国君的位置啊。他辞让君位是怎么一回事呢?谒、馀祭、夷昧跟季子是一母所生的四兄弟,季子年幼而有才干,兄长们都爱他,一起想立他做国君。谒说:“现在如果就这样仓促地把君位给他,季子还是不接受的。我愿不传位给儿子而传位给弟弟,由弟弟依次接替哥哥做国君,最后把君位传给季子。”
馀祭、夷昧都说行。所以几个哥哥在位时都勇敢不
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