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75心扉(第2页)

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界定为具体的物质,那么“无”

就是具体的物质之所以存在的结构方式、时空关系、运动和变化形式等等,也可以用“自然规律”

来概括。“有”

和“无”

不可分,有“有”

就有“无”

有“无”

就有“有”

纯粹的“有”

和纯粹的“无”

是不存在的,它们相互对立、相互依存,也就是老子所说的“有无相生”

(二章)“有”

为实“无”

为虚,道体为实,道性为虚。彼此阴阳对立,虚实相合,共同构成宇宙的始母——道。

有和无的对立统一是现实世界最一般的存在方式。把世界的本体看作是精神的(无)或者物质的(有),都是主观片面的、非辩证的。老子的有无论是辩证本体论,即从世界的本体上确立了对立统一规律

故常无欲,以观其妙;

常有欲,以观其徼。

故:因此。常:常常。道性是永恒的、至诚的、无私无欲的,我欲“观其妙”

就必须“无欲”

这是说自我之性须符合道性。无欲:没有自我外在。自我外在即目之,耳之声欲,口之味欲,鼻之嗅欲,体之亲欲和名利之欲。自我在外,而妙景在内,所以,只有无外欲,才能进入客观存在的道的境界,体会宇宙之奥妙。妙:微妙、美妙,是就道境而言,是人脑透过心灵对微观世界的直观感受。这一妙境,用庄子的话说,就是“造适不及笑,献笑不及排。”

(庄子大宗师)意思是说:这一境界是最适宜的,妙境来不及应接,心笑来不及安排。其实,这一境界也就是佛祖所说的“极乐世界”

、基督所宣扬的“天堂”

的境界和穆圣所谓的“天启”

的境界。

有欲:识道之欲。因为追求智慧是人的本性。徼:是边际、边界的意思,这里是指矛盾的对立层面。“观其徼”

就是于“观妙”

之中寻求矛盾双方的本质联系,揭示事物发生、发展的内在机制。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性即共性和个性、主要矛盾和次要矛盾、对抗性矛盾和非对抗性矛盾等都属于“观其徼”

的范畴。

“观其妙”

是同一说,面对的是道的境界,其前提条件是“无欲”

;“观其徼”

是对立说,面对的是现实世界,前提条件是“有欲”

要想实现人生之“大欲”

必须从“无欲”

入手。只有“无欲”

才能进入道境,把握世界的本质和规律,从而更好地造福人生、造福社会。“无欲”

是实现“有欲”

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