第一章接受使命1(第1页)
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009年月6日,这天是农历己丑年立春第三天。头年入冬以来,天气少雨,南北大旱。北京本来就干冷干冷,这天更是冷风剌骨,马路无水而冰,行人车辆履冰而行,都格外谨慎。
陶砚瓦开车从和平门向南来到琉璃厂,把车停在马路边。
他今天心情不错,一路唱着京剧。他不管外面冰寒,车内方向盘也凉凉的,他不时搓搓手,也不开热风,只顾自已开心舒畅。
刚才他先唱了奚啸伯的《哭灵牌》,这是他自认为最华美的男腔段子。又唱了言菊朋的《让徐州》,这是他高兴时爱唱的。一路上兴致来了,他竟把裘派的《铡美案》也溜了一遍。唱得过瘾,连等红灯他都没觉得不耐烦。唱到佳绝处,他自己叫“好”
,竟双手离把狠拍了三掌。前些年他听卫生部一位副部长来机关讲课说,在车上唱京剧有利健康,还讲吃鸡蛋不吃蛋黄是谬说。这两句话他最认可。
琉璃厂文化街起源起于清代,当时各地来京参加科举考试的举人大多集中住在这一带,因此在这里出售书籍和笔墨纸砚的店铺较多,形成了较浓的文化氛围。衡水离京城较近,当年在此立足者甚多,店铺兴隆,他们就从乡邻中找帮手,找学徒。特别是书画、古玩生意,也一直在此绵延。书画生意必然拉动的是装裱生意,当年操此业者多为陶砚瓦的同乡:河北深州人。
陶砚瓦一直对这里颇感兴趣,闲时偶来一逛,多少总有收获。再留意其兴衰史料,也大致有了基本了解。
琉璃厂原名“海王村”
,因元代曾有琉璃窑而得名琉璃厂。据考证,清乾隆年间,琉璃厂的惠古阁、博古阁等知名店铺均由深州、冀州人开设。从嘉庆年间始,衡水人到琉璃厂学徒的日益增多。至咸丰末年,衡水人在琉璃厂开的店铺已接近00家,占总经营店数的90以上,古旧书、文物、书画、碑帖、印章、文房四宝等文化用品生意日见兴隆,整条街上弥散着衡水乡音。至清朝中晚期,琉璃厂甚至有“衡水街”
之称。
衡水县在明代属深州,清代归冀州管辖。为何有“衡水街”
之称,并无“深州街”
、“冀州街”
呢?这是因为衡水县萧家在琉璃厂开设的古玩铺论古斋和信远斋,极负盛名,衡水周边各县在琉璃厂经营的,都被称作“衡水帮”
。“衡水帮”
聚居之处,便自然有了“衡水街”
的称呼。
据说最早有衡水县萧氏先祖在琉璃厂街开书铺,其后世有开小铺卖茶水、蜜果、酸梅汤、糖葫芦者,创立字号“信远斋”
密果店。有文字记载信远斋始建于清朝乾隆五年(1740),原址在东琉璃厂17号。据说乾隆帝诏令纂修《四库全书》,十年始成,琉璃厂街是文人雅士、达官贵人常来之地,信远斋更是必到之所。萧氏后人萧秉彝科举未中,便经营古董字画,在信远斋对面创办“论古斋藏画处”
,成为近代中国古董商界资格最老、经营规模最大、声誉最隆的古玩铺,也是被称为“衡水帮”
的第一家古玩铺。其后年“荣宝斋”
才开张。
萧秉彝一生收徒五人,除长子萧维邦外,还有大徒弟张德盛,字茂斋;二徒弟于德纯,字令臣;四徒弟王国庆,字寿臣;五徒弟呼克祥,字益清,皆深州人。
有史料可证:上溯道咸年间,下至1946年在琉璃厂开设的书业店铺共05处,而由深州、冀州、衡水、枣强、阜城、景县人士开办的164处;以经营古玩字画为主的店铺共146处,衡水籍人士开办60处;以书画装裱业为主的店铺共19处,衡水籍人士开设的11处。河北离京城近便,深州、冀州、衡水、枣强人不少是学徒出身,涉足此类生意后,陆续成长起来,成为琉璃厂的主力。现在琉璃厂的槐阴山房、雅文斋、博古斋、文盛堂、一得阁等0家老字号仍由衡水人经营着。
新中国成立以后,百年老店荣宝斋云集了整个琉璃厂地区各装裱店铺的高手,揭裱古旧书画、碑帖、手卷、册页、刺绣、屏风、中堂等各种人才,组成了书画装裱界的最强阵容。第一代传人张贵桐,衡水人,1岁时来琉璃厂学徒,1959年参与装裱人民大会堂《江山如此多娇》巨幅国画;王家瑞,深州人,1岁时来到琉璃厂学习装裱,学成后在“尚古斋”
从业,修复古旧书画技艺精湛,挽救过无数濒临灭绝的书画珍品,1978年至1981年间,主持参加了抢救修复山西应县塔内发现的辽代经卷工作。
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