第六十一章 吃人的封建社会(第2页)
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狗腿子们严阵以待,只等石小凡下令,他们便一拥而上擒了这莽汉。
石小凡却笑着摆摆手,示意众人不可轻举妄动。
“不知李魁兄与天子有何深仇大恨,
竟然要入宫行刺天子,你就不怕掉脑袋么。”
那李魁猛地一拍桌子:“哼!天子不长眼,牟县那几个狗官横行乡里鱼肉百姓,如此昏君不杀留之作甚?”
石小凡看了眼旺财几个人,这莽汉是不是脑子有问题,他又转头笑着道:“这牟县狗官横行霸道,你该杀了那狗官,与天子何干?”
谁知李魁又道:“俺曾蒙面摸进县衙,将那狗县令捉住,俺本想给他两斧头砍了他狗头为民除害。谁知这厮说什么他是朝廷命官,他都是按照朝廷命令行事,也是身不由己。俺一想也是,他这狗官是天子册封,不如俺先入京杀了那狗皇帝,回头再来和这狗县令算账,于是俺就来了。”
石小凡一惊,这厮能孤身闯入县衙,本事倒也不小:“你说这牟县狗官鱼肉百姓,不知是如何鱼肉法?”
一说这个,李魁加倍愤怒了:“整个牟县百姓十户九户都沦为佃民,官府和大户肆意压榨百姓。大多数百姓一年到头下来种的粮食连交租都不够,他们每年不得不到京城乞讨。谁知道京城官府动不动就驱赶鞭笞这些百姓,赈灾粮食一下来,那些大户又从百姓手里将粮食收回去,说什么是欠他们的租子。你说这样的狗官该不该杀,那京城的狗皇帝昏庸不昏庸!”
大宋朝为维护地主阶层利益,并不遏止土地兼并,这也造成大量土地被地主兼并,无数百姓沦为佃民。
而宋朝的佃农的地位是低贱的。法律上甚至明文规定:“佃客犯主,加凡人一等。”
地主杀害佃农,可以不必偿命,所以有的“富人敢于专杀”
,甚至视佃农的性命如草芥。
宋朝乡村,没有地的佃农,一般须编入“乡村客户”
的户籍。他们租种地主的田地,而向地主缴纳实物地租。有些地主还出租耕牛和农具,甚至掠取高达八成的地租。
某些贪得无厌的地主还经常使用各种手段,例如用大斗、大斛巧取豪夺,变相加租。高利贷也是地主掠夺农民的一种重要手段。
复当时象买卖奴隶那样,地主可以将佃客“计其口数立契,或典或卖”
。有的地主,变换手法,将荒远的小块土地连同佃客,立两张契约,在公开的假契上说这些佃客是“随田佃客”
,在私下的真契上就直接说是“佃户典卖”
。
有些地主有权把佃客跟土地、耕牛、农具、船屋等生产资料一起当做礼物来送人。
地主可以利用“契券”
,剥夺佃客自由移动的权利。如果佃客随意起移,官府认为“无故逃窜”
,地主依据契券便可以“经所属自陈收捕,所在州县不得容隐”
。
到孝宗时,凡是外乡迁来的佃客,如果私自搬走回乡,地主可向所属州县诉理,官府追捕,判罪以后,仍发落交还。
地主可以强迫役使佃客家属,强迫典卖田地和欠债的人作佃客,以至干预佃客妻女的
婚嫁。这种对佃客的人身束缚,当是夔州路普遍存在的现实。
北宋时期,地主打死佃客,还没有特殊的法律规定,遇到正直的官员会以杀人罪论处。而遇到一些狗官,只要地主使点银子,有的甚至只是赔点钱了事。
直到哲宗元佑时,才明确规定:地主打死佃客,减罪一等发配到邻州。
而到了南宋,官府又规定再减罪一等,改为发配本州。这实际上是把佃客的法律地位连续下降了。
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