放假的小世界(第1页)
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从“噫吁嚱”
到“然后天梯石栈相钩连”
为一个段落。一开篇就极言蜀道之难,以感情强烈的咏叹点出主题,为全诗奠定了雄放的基调。以下随着感情的起伏和自然场景的变化,“蜀道之难,难于上青天”
的咏叹反复出现,像一
乐曲的主旋律一样激荡着读者的心弦。说蜀道的难行比上天还难,这是因为自古以来秦、蜀之间被高山峻岭阻挡,太白峰处于由秦入蜀之要冲,只有高飞的鸟儿能从低缺处飞过。太白峰在秦都咸阳西南,是关中一带的最高峰。民谚云“武公太白,去天三百。”
诗人以夸张的笔墨写出了历史上不可逾越的险阻,并融
汇了五丁开山的神话,点染了神奇色彩,犹如一部乐章的前奏,具有引人入胜的妙用。下面即着力刻画蜀道的高危难行了。
从“上有六龙回日之高标”
至“使人听此凋朱
颜”
为又一段落。这一段极写山势的高危,山高写得愈充分,愈可见路之难行。你看那突兀而立的高山,高标接天,挡住了太阳神的运行;山下则是冲波激浪、曲折回旋的河川。诗人不但把夸张和神话融为一体,直写山高,而
且衬以“回川”
之险。唯其水险,更见山势的高危。诗人意犹未足,又借黄鹤与猿猱来反衬。山高得连千里翱翔的黄鹤也不得飞度,轻疾敏捷的猿猴也愁于攀援,不言而喻,人行走就难上加难了。以上用虚写手法层层映衬,下面再具体描写青泥岭的难行。青泥岭,“悬崖万仞,山多云雨”
(《元和郡县志》),为唐代
入蜀要道。诗人着重就其峰路的萦回和山势的峻危来表现人行其上的艰难情状和畏惧心理,捕捉了在岭上曲折盘桓、手扪星辰、呼吸紧张、抚胸长叹等细节动作加以摹写,寥寥数语,便把行人艰难的步履、惶悚的神情,绘声绘色地刻画出
来,困危之状如在目前。至此蜀道的难行似乎写到了极处。但诗人笔锋一转,借“问君”
引出旅愁,以忧切低昂的旋律,把读者带进一个古木荒凉、鸟声悲凄的境界。杜鹃鸟空谷传响,充满哀愁,使人闻声失色,更觉蜀道之难。诗人借景抒情,用“悲鸟号古木”
“子规啼夜月”
等感情色彩浓厚的自然景观,渲染了旅愁和蜀道上空寂
苍凉的环境气氛,有力地烘托了蜀道之难。
然而,逶迤千里的蜀道,还有更为奇险的风光。自“连峰去天不盈尺”
至全篇结束为最后一个段落,主要从山川之险来揭示蜀道之难,着力渲染惊险的气氛。如果说“连峰去天不盈尺”
是夸饰山峰之高,“枯松倒挂倚绝壁”
则是衬托绝壁之险。诗人先
托出山势的高险,然后由静而动,写出水石激荡、山谷轰鸣的惊险场景。这好像一串电影镜头开始是山峦起伏、连峰接天的远景画面;接着平缓地推成枯松倒挂绝壁的特写;而后,跟踪而来的是一组快镜头,飞湍、瀑流、悬崖、转石,配合着万壑雷鸣的音响,飞快地从眼前闪过,惊险万状,目不暇接,从而造成一种势若排山倒海的强烈艺术效果,使蜀道之难的描写,简直达到了登峰造极的地步。如果说上面山势的高危已使人望而生畏,那此处山川的险要更令人惊心动魄了。风光变幻,险象丛生。在十分惊险
的气氛中,最后写到蜀中要塞剑阁,在大剑山和小剑山之间有一条三十里长的栈道,群峰如剑,连山耸立,削壁中断如门,形成天然要塞。因其地势险要,易守难攻,历史上在此割据称王者不乏其人。诗人从剑阁的险要引出对政治形势
的描写。他化用西晋张载《剑阁铭》中“形胜之地,匪亲勿居”
的语句,劝人引为鉴戒,警惕战乱的生,并联系当时的社会背景,揭露了蜀中豺狼的“磨牙吮血,杀人如麻”
,从而表达了对国事的忧虑与关切。唐天宝初年,太平景象的背后正潜伏着危机,后来生的安史之乱,证明诗人的忧虑是有现实意义的。
李白以变化莫测的笔法,淋漓尽致地刻画了蜀道之难,艺术地展现了古老蜀道逶迤、峥嵘、高峻、崎岖的面貌,描绘出一幅色彩绚丽的山水画卷。诗中那些动人的景象宛如历历在目。
李白之所以描绘得如此动人,还在于融贯其间的浪漫主义激情。诗人寄情山水,放浪形骸。他对自然景物不是冷漠的观赏,而是热情地赞叹,借以
抒自己的理想感受。那飞流惊湍、奇峰险壑,赋予了诗人的情感气质,因而才呈现出飞动的灵魂和瑰伟的姿态。诗人善于把想象、夸张和神话传说融为一
体进行写景抒情。言山之高峻,则曰“上有六龙回日之高标”
;状道之险阻,则曰“地崩山摧壮士死,然后天梯石栈相钩连”
。诗人“驰走风云,鞭挞海岳
”
(6时雍《诗镜总论》评李白七古语),从蚕丛开国说到五丁开山,由六龙回日写到子规夜啼,天马行空般地驰骋想象,创造出博大浩渺的艺术境
界,充满了浪漫主义色彩。透过奇丽峭拔的山川景物,仿佛可以看到诗人那“落笔摇五岳、笑傲凌沧洲”
的高大形象。
唐以前的《蜀道难》作品,简短单薄。李白对东府古题有所创新和展,用了大量散文化诗句,字数从三言、四言、五言、七言,直到十一言,参差错落,长短不齐,形成极为奔放的语言风格。诗的用韵,也突破了梁陈时代旧作一韵到底的程式。后面描写蜀中险要环境,一连三换韵脚,极尽变化之能事。
关于此篇,前人有种种寓意之说,断定是专为某人某事而作的。明人胡震亨、顾炎武认为,李白“自为蜀咏”
,“别无寓意”
。今人有谓此诗表面写蜀道艰险,实则写仕途坎
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