第499章 仙界(第1页)
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道教称神仙所居的胜境。道教的理想世界不同于佛教的涅盘,也不同于亚伯拉罕诸教的天国。道教的理想世界有两种,一种是世俗的,一种是宗教的。道教的理想世界是希望世界成为一个公平、和平的世界,没有灾祸、没有战争的世界。而宗教的理想世界则是"
仙境"
,道教追求得道成仙,这样就能超脱生死,在仙境中过仙人般永恒逍遥的生活。不同于其它宗教的是,道教并不认为人死后才能到达仙境,而是认为人的形体通过一些形式的锻炼与悟道可以长生不死,成仙以后也可以一样生活在普通人的世界里,作"
活神仙"
,也可以到仙境中去生活。但是达到成仙的境界是非常不容易。据《桓真人升仙记》称:"
有长年之光景﹐日月不夜之山川。宝盖层台﹐四时明媚。金壶盛不死之酒﹐琉璃藏延寿之丹﹐桃树花芳﹐千年一谢﹐云英珍结﹐万载圆成。"
道教认为无限美妙的神仙世界﹐或在天上﹐或在海中。或在花草瓦砾玉壶间﹐或在幽远之名山洞府中。
仙境之说源于中国远古神话﹐《列子》中记述有不少"
至人"
、"
真人"
、"
神人"
、"
化人"
及理想之国的神话传说,如华胥古国、终北古国、古莽之国、龙伯之国之记载,皆为后世福地洞天之祖本。为后世道教建立其神仙信仰提供了古籍依据。
《列子·黄帝篇》中说:黄帝昼寝,梦游华胥氏之国。此国"
非舟车足力之所及,神游而已"
,"
其国无师长,自然而已。其民无嗜欲,自然而已。不知乐生,不知恶死,故无夭殇不知亲己,不知疏物,故无爱憎。不知背逆,不知向顺,故无利害。都无所爱惜,都无所畏忌。入水不溺,入火不热。斫挞无伤痛,指擿无痟痒。乘空如履实,寝虚若处床。云雾不硋其视,雷霆不乱其听,美恶不滑其心,山谷不踬其步,神行而已。"
又说:在海河洲中有列姑射山,"
山上有神人焉,吸风饮露,不食五谷。心如渊泉,形如处女。不偎不爱,仙圣为之臣;不畏不怒,原悫为之使;不施不惠,而物自足;不聚不敛,且己无愆。阴阳常调,日月常明,四时常若,风雨常均,字(孕)育常时,年谷常丰;而土无札伤,人无夭恶,物无疵厉,鬼无灵响焉。"
《列子·周穆王篇》说:周穆王时,西极之国有化人来,化人"
入水火,贯金石;反山川,移城邑;乘虚不坠,触实不硋。千变万化,不可穷极。既已变物之形,又且易人之虑"
,周穆敬之若神,事之若君。后来化人带周穆王去游化之宫,"
王执化人之祛,腾而上者,中天乃止。暨及化人之宫。化人之宫构以金银,络以珠玉;出云雨之上,而不知下之据,望之若屯云焉。耳目所观听,鼻口所纳尝,皆非人间之有。"
后来周穆王又游了臣搜氏之国,又升于昆仑之丘,以观黄帝之宫,又宾于西王母,觞于瑶池之上。
《列子·汤问篇》中说:在渤海之东不知几亿万里,有无底之谷,名曰归墟,"
其中有五山焉:一曰岱舆,二曰员峤,三曰方壶,四曰瀛州,五曰蓬莱。其山高下周旋三万里,其顶平处九千里。山之中间相干骈七万里,以为邻居焉。其上台观皆金玉,其上禽兽皆纯缟,珠玕之树皆丛生,华实皆有滋味,食之皆不老不死。所居之人皆仙圣之种,一日一夕飞相往来者,不可数焉。"
又说:禹治水迷途,误至终北之国。其国无风雨霜露,不生鸟兽、虫鱼、草木之类。"
四方悉平,周以乔陡。当国之中有山,山名壶领,状若甔甀。顶有口,状若员环,名曰滋穴。有水涌出,名曰神瀵,臭过兰椒,,味过醪醴。一源分为四垺,注于山下。经营一国,亡不悉遍。土气和,亡札厉。人性婉而从物,不竞不争;柔心而弱骨,不骄不忌;长幼侪居,不君不臣;男女杂游,不媒不聘;缘水而居,不耕不稼;土气温适,不织不衣;百年而死,不夭不病。其民孳阜亡数,有喜乐,亡衰老哀苦。其俗好声,相携而迭谣,终日不辍音。饥倦则饮神瀵,力志和平。经则醉,经旬乃醒。沐浴神瀵,肤色脂泽,香气经旬乃歇"
。
这些神话故事,皆是后世道教造构仙人仙境的模式。如《云笈七签》卷二十二《总说天地五方》就说:东方弗于岱九万里之外有呵罗提之国;南方阎浮利三十万里之外有伊沙陁之国;西方俱耶尼七十万里之外有尼维罗绿那之国;北方郁单五十万里之外有旬他罗之国;上方九天之上有元精青沌自然之国;中国直下极大风泽去地五百二十亿万时髦太和宝真无理之国。人皆高大,寿数百岁,"
恒吟歌,其音以化越老之人,令知其国有不死之教"
。又说:东方呵罗提国一名日生国,上有数千丈高大、三千围、两两同根有大桑树,仙人啖食桑椹,体作金光色。"
地无寒暑,时节温和,多生神仙芝草,食之飞空而行"
。南方伊沙陁之国一名火庭天竺之国,甚多灵药、甘液、玉英,无所不有,"
取其兽毛作布,名之火浣布,小污以火烧之即鲜白"
,此仙人所衣,民人皆三百六十岁。西方尼维罗录那国一名云胡月支国,国人寿六百岁,"
上有山,生昆吾之石,治石成铁作剑,光明照洞如水精,割玉如土"
,又有吉光之兽,声如梵音。北方旬他罗国一名天镜之国,有五芝玄涧,"
涧水如蜜,饮之与天地同年"
。上方元精青沌自然之国一名洞渊清衍之国,"
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