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第2章 后羿代夏(第1页)

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大禹因治水卓著而深受民众爱戴,进而承继舜成为了部落联盟的领导核心。彼时,氏族社会已步入晚期,随着生产力的进步,人们生产的产品不仅能满足生存需求,甚至有了盈余。氏族部落的首领利用权力,将这些剩余产品转为私有,私有制由此萌芽。这些首领积累大量社会财富,逐渐演化为贵族阶层。随着剩余产品增多,各部落之间为了争夺资源,战争频发。战争中的俘虏不再是被杀戮的对象,而是沦为贵族的私人财产——奴隶,奴隶与奴隶主两大阶级逐步形成,氏族社会濒临解体边缘。

禹本人正是这种新兴贵族的一员,他拥有众多奴隶、畜产,家族势力强盛。晚年时,禹曾巡行东方,在会稽山集会各地部落首领,响应号召的部落竟达“万国”

之多,且均持玉帛而来。其中,防风氏部落首领未依时赴会,禹视此为极大不敬,下令将其斩首,显示出了禹已不仅仅是部落联盟的首领,更是具有国王权威的人物。

禹在生前曾效仿尧舜,指定共同治水的伯益为继承人。然而,伯益早逝,加之禹所属的夏部落内有许多实力雄厚的贵族,在禹去世后,他们推举禹之子启继承了禹的地位,自此,禅让制被废,氏族社会的“公天下”

过渡到了“家天下”

启以其部落名称“夏”

来命名新建的王朝,中国历史上首个奴隶制王朝——夏朝诞生了,禹实质上既是夏朝的开创者,也是奴隶社会的奠基人。

夏朝初创时,政权基础并不稳固。启设宴款待各方部落首领,意图获取他们对自己新王朝的认可。然而,许多首领仍然坚守公天下的古老传统,认为领导者应由贤能者担任,对启的做法颇为不满。尤其是有扈氏部落首领拒绝参与宴会,启勃然大怒,遂率军征讨有扈氏,双方在甘地展开激战,最终有扈氏战败,全族遭灭。这场战役极大地震慑了其他部落首领,纷纷表态愿意服从夏朝。

启册封各部落首领为各自领土内的国君,设立侯国,这些侯国接受夏朝的统辖,并定期向夏朝进献物资和奴隶,从而构建起一种强制性的国家制度,夏朝的统治地位得到进一步巩固。

在奴隶社会初期,尽管一部分人从直接劳动中脱离出来,但奴隶在贵族强制下集中劳动,客观上促进了生产力的提高。不久,夏朝出现了繁荣景象,四方归附,社会稳定。然而,启在享受安定繁荣之际,逐渐变得奢侈腐化,不理政事。在他去世后,五个儿子围绕王位展开了激烈的争夺,最终太康胜出,成为新的统治者。

太康即位后,却沉溺于享乐,忽视朝政,他的行为引发了朝臣的失望与百姓的离心离德。恰逢此时,黄河流域下游的东夷族有穷氏部落崛起,首领后羿雄心勃勃。据神话传说,后羿的祖先是力大无穷的神射手,他曾奉天帝之命,用神箭射落九个太阳,拯救了因十个太阳同时出现而陷入灾难的世界。

太康的昏聩无能给了后羿篡权的机会,他趁太康外出狩猎长达百余日,疏于政事之际,率军攻占了夏朝首都安邑,并在洛水南岸布防,阻止太康返回。太康得知情况后惊恐不已,由于各部落首领对太康已有不满,加上惧怕后羿的军队,无人前来援助,导致太康被困洛水北岸,开始了长达27年的流亡生涯,史称“太康失国”

后羿虽将太康驱逐,但起初并未自立为王,而是扶持太康的弟弟仲康为傀儡王。仲康不甘被操纵,试图削弱后羿的势力以重掌大权,计划败露后遭到软禁,最终忧愤成疾,驾崩于宫中。

仲康去世后,其子相本应即位,但因其年幼,后羿便将相赶走,自己登上了王位,夏朝的权力至此转移到了外姓人手中。夏朝由“家天下”

传承仅两代,便经历了王权旁落的重大变故。

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