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前言(第1页)

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汉唐以来,虽号为君主,然权力实不足,不能不有所分寄。故西汉与宰相外戚共天下,东汉与太监名士共天下,唐与后妃藩镇共天下,北宋与奸臣共天下,南宋与外国共天下,元与奸臣番僧共天下,明与宰相太监共天下,本朝则与胥吏共天下耳。

这是《清稗类钞》中记录的晚清郭嵩焘的一则史论。用此段史论为开篇导语,其目的是从这一类特殊群体的崛起和覆灭方面入手,大到对一系列政治制度、官僚机制、顺应社会需求和发展的各种改革,小到对宗法制度、后妃制度以及当事人(皇帝个人)品性进行全面剖析,旨在从特殊群体的发展来看自秦以来对君主专制的中央集权的维护、加强和巩固手段,也突出表现在整个历史长河里围绕“皇权”

的利益斗争。

天下熙熙皆为利来,天下攘攘皆为利往。皇权从来不是一个人的独权,而是整个群体的利益斗争。特殊群体的出现是在维护巩固皇权统治下衍生的特殊权力,也叫“偏房”

政治群体。而这类群体斗争放在世界这个大的格局上看,又实在属于小群体内部斗争。纵观整个中国的历史发展,甚至都不曾出现过像西方国家那样的外侵政策、国界扩张,正如利玛窦在《利玛窦札记》中所说的:“虽然中国人有装备精良的陆军和海军,很容易征服临近的国家,但他们的皇上和人民都从来没有想过要发动侵略战争。他们很满足于自己已有的东西,没有征服的野心。在这方面,他们与欧洲人很不相同……”

《清稗类钞》虽有部分论述夸大了“偏房”

群体的权力,似乎影射出皇权的衰弱趋势。然而即便如此,这些新生权力的崛起,也不过是为“皇权”

服务,他们绝不可能获得正式的名分治理天下。

这里不得不提张文木先生《基督教佛教兴起对欧亚地区竞争力的影响》中所提及的“一个中心即为‘忠’,两个中心即为‘患’”

的思想。中国历史即便有短暂分裂,最终仍然走向统一的格局,较之西方的政权分立不同,足以说明这些特殊群体从来都不曾成为中国另一个权力中心。

即使在历史上因为个别皇帝的性格软弱,导致偏房一时专权,在这种权权相争下暗流涌动也好,激起千层浪花也罢,终究还是要潮落后归于平静。

作者将自始至终从维护“皇权”

的角度出发,以特殊群体的崛起为导线,通过阐述皇权与之消长的关联,深入了解其王朝背后的各项制度和运作规律。

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