第2章 厉王止谤(第1页)
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在经历了成康时期的和平繁荣后,大约四十年间社会安宁,刑罚几乎未被启用。然而,随着康王之子昭王即位,贵族阶级对民众的剥削日益加剧,社会矛盾逐渐积累。
西周时期,朝廷获取物资的主要方式有两种:一是庶民协助耕种公田以纳贡,二是诸侯定期朝觐进献礼品。至周夷王时期,由于国力衰退,不少诸侯不再履行朝贡义务,加之民众大力开垦私田,导致原有的井田制度受到严重冲击,公田荒废。与此同时,越来越多的人依靠山林湖泽资源谋生,进一步减少了朝廷的税收来源。在此困境下,贵族阶层仍然沉溺于奢侈享乐,使得朝廷财政入不敷出,难以支撑贵族王室的庞大开支。
井田制度是当时西周的基本土地制度,土地被划分成“井”
字形状,中央一块为公田,集体耕种,收获归国家所有;周围八块为私田,收获归个体家庭。所有土地名义上均归天子所有,天子有权要求耕作者缴纳贡赋,并随时可收回土地使用权。
周夷王去世后,其子姬胡登基,史称周厉王。周厉王贪婪好财,为了增加自己的财富,重用了荣夷公,并推出了所谓的“专利”
政策,规定山林湖泽皆为天子专享,任何想要利用这些自然资源谋生的国民都必须缴税。这项政策实质上是对社会资源和财富的垄断,大大加重了广大劳动人民的负担,同时也触犯了部分中下层贵族的利益,甫一推出便引发了普遍的不满。
大夫芮良夫曾直言进谏:“山林湖泽乃大自然赋予,应由众人共享,岂能独占?如此做法只会引发民怨,埋下祸端。即使是身为君王,也要顾及全民利益,以免招致怨恨。现陛下听信荣夷公之言,追逐财利,实乃引祸之举,若继续如此,早晚将会丧失民心。”
然而,厉王并未接受良言,依旧坚持重用荣夷公,强力推行专利政策。他还派人四处巡视,一旦发现私自渔猎者,便严加惩处。此举致使民怨沸腾,舆论哗然,大家都纷纷谴责厉王的暴政。大臣召穆公再次进谏:“如今百姓已不堪忍受陛下的苛政,怨言遍布。”
对此,厉王非但没有反思,反而更加变本加厉,从卫国请来了巫师,假借占卜名义监听民间言论,凡是对朝廷有所非议者一律严惩。巫师狐假虎威,稍有不悦就诬陷他人诽谤君主,许多人因此遭受重刑,或劓鼻、或刖足,甚至丢掉性命。在这样的高压之下,百姓不敢再有任何言论,即使在路上偶遇熟人,也只能以眼神示意,匆忙离去。
厉王得知此事后,沾沾自喜地对召穆公说:“我已经消除了民众对我的非议,他们现在都沉默无声了。”
然而召穆公忧心忡忡地回应:“陛下这是堵住了百姓的嘴,但这比堵住河水更为危险。河水一旦堵塞过度便会冲垮堤坝,届时破坏力更甚。治理洪水应当疏导,正如治国理政,应当让百姓能够自由表达意见,畅所欲言。昔日,天子通过公卿乃至列士进献诗歌以讽谏朝政得失,乐官以音乐反映民间疾苦,史官以历史经验指导当下,乐正进献警示言语,各级官员可以直接进言,传达民意,近臣用心规劝,同宗族亲纠正错误,太师、太史进行教导,耆老等尊长时常提醒,旨在使君王审慎决策,使政令合理可行。百姓开口发声,犹如大地拥有山川河流,乃是产生财富的源泉;百姓的意见,就好比肥沃土壤,供给生活的所需。百姓所言正是他们内心所想,怎可强行压制?即使一时堵住,又能维持多久呢?”
厉王听罢召穆公的话,心中虽有不服,但并没有接受其劝谏,召穆公只能无奈地退出。
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