第二十三章 峨嵋山(第2页)
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,认为是普贤菩萨特意在悬崖陡壁上挂起这些长线,引渡信徒登绝顶。
《大日经疏》云:“普贤菩萨者,普是遍一切处,贤是最妙善义,谓菩提心所起愿行,遍一切处,纯一妙善,备具众德,故以为名。“入山求道,饥寒病疠,枯坐蒲团,是曰普贤;普贤者,苦行也。
”
普贤菩萨,是梵文音译,为中国佛教四大菩萨之一。他和释迦牟尼、文殊菩萨合称为“华严三圣”
。
普贤菩萨,梵音名号音译三曼多跋陀罗菩萨、三曼陀菩萨。又作遍吉菩萨。是将妙善、妙德、贤德普施一切众生之意。
同诸大菩萨一样,普贤也没有真实的来历。《第二菩萨经迹经》说:“有转轮圣王,名无诤念。王有千子,第一太子名不旬,即观世音菩萨;第二王子名尼摩,即大势至菩萨;第三王子名王象,即文殊菩萨;第八子名泯国,即普贤菩萨。”
普贤菩萨通常供奉于大雄宝殿释迦牟尼佛右边,是娑婆世界释迦牟尼佛的右胁侍,文殊菩萨是娑婆世界释迦牟尼佛的左胁侍。
普贤菩萨辅助释迦佛弘扬佛道,且遍身十方,常为诸佛座下的法王子,故普贤行愿品言:‘普贤行愿威神力,普现一切如来前。’又言:‘十方如来有长子,其名号曰普贤尊。’普贤菩萨,不但能广赞诸佛无尽功德,且能修无上供养,能作广大佛事,能度无边有情,其智慧之高,愿行之深,唯佛能知。
普贤,梵语称“邲输跋陀”
。在《悲华经》的记载中,当阿弥陀佛为转轮王时,普贤菩萨当时为第八王子“泯图”
,在宝藏佛前,愿要在像娑婆世界一样不清净的国土中,修菩萨行救度众生。更应当修治庄严十千不净世界,使其庄严清净,就如同“青香光明无垢世界”
。同时要教化无量的菩萨,令他们心地清净,都能趣向大乘佛法,使这种大心的菩萨都充满他所化度的国土世界。宝藏佛即为他将“泯图”
这名字,改号为“普贤”
,并授记他未来在北方“知水善净功德世界”
,圆满成就无上正等正觉,佛号为“智刚吼自在相王如来”
。
普贤之名始出于三曼陀罗菩萨经,后广见诸经而成普遍之信仰。据《法华经●普贤劝品》载,普贤菩萨乘六牙白象,守护法华之行者。台宗二百题卷十立有相,普贤论题,依礼忏诵经之有相行,达成感见普贤之旨。又《华严经●普贤行愿品》卷四十,说普贤菩萨十种广大之行愿,即:礼敬诸佛、称赞如来、广修供养、忏悔业障、随喜功德、请转法轮、请佛住世、常随佛学、恒顺众生、普皆回向。经中一一述此十大愿,明其功德无量,临命终时,得此愿王引导,往生阿弥陀佛极乐世界。然此十大愿为一切菩萨行愿之标帜,故亦称普贤之愿海。以此菩萨之广大行愿,一般称为大行普贤菩萨。
在汉代以前,峨眉山原为道教天下。峨眉山纯阳殿附近的千人洞,传说就是吕纯阳修道成仙的地方,被封为“天下第七洞灵陵太妙之天”
。附近的十字洞,相传也是吕仙剑划而成。在神水阁前,还留下刻有“灵陵太妙之天”
的大石碑。旁边还有“大峨”
石刻,传为吕纯阳之手迹。佛教传入峨眉山,始于晋代。印度高僧宝掌和尚,最早结茅庵于金鸡峰,后遂改名宝掌峰。尼泊尔阿婆罗和尚,以树皮盖殿于海拔23oo多米的八十四盘之上,名为化城寺,俗称木皮殿。但在当时峨眉山还是道教盛行。东晋时,道教的乾明观先改为佛教的中锋寺。隋唐以后,佛教兴盛,在山上普建佛堂,许多道观也纷纷改为寺院。至清顺治年间,山上最后一座道观纯阳殿,也被僧人改建,峨眉山终于一统为佛家天下。当时全山有佛寺38座,庵堂72所,僧侣3ooo多人,香火鼎盛。许多梵宇琳宫,依山而建,有的隐藏于翠林树海之中,有的耸立于高山峻岭之巅,有的建于深壑幽谷之内,有的筑于危崖绝壁之畔,与峨眉山水和谐地结合在一起。
普贤菩萨生日普贤菩萨,行愿无穷,分身尘刹,随缘教化众生。据史书记载:中国佛教古德拾得大士,是普贤菩萨的化身。天台山国清寺的丰干禅师,一日行经赤城道旁,闻草丛中有儿童啼哭,趋前视察,见一小孩约十来岁,询其姓名,答:‘我无家、无姓、亦无名。’丰干禅师悯其无依,带回国清寺,交库房当茶童。因是拾来,名之拾得。
普贤菩萨,世称为十大愿王,《法华经》指出:只要能虔诚信奉,普贤菩萨将与诸大菩萨一起出现守护此人,使他身心安稳,不受一切烦恼魔障之侵。《普贤延命经记》指出:普贤菩萨具有延命益寿之不可思议的力量。
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